Inca nobility (called Inka) were mostly hereditary positions, although special persons could be assigned this designation. Forty years had elapsed since Columbus’s landfall when in 1532 fewer than 200 Spaniards brought down the. Many short rock tunnels and vine-supported suspension bridges were constructed. The amount of control exercised by Cusco over the rest of the empire varied from place to place, as might be expected for such a huge empire. We cover around 900,000 square km of southern America. Communities are close-knit, with families usually intermarrying. On the penultimate day of the itinerary sailing with the luxury cruise vessel Zafiro through the Pacaya Samiria Nature Reserve in the Peruvian Amazon, it was five in the afternoon and we were approaching the Yanayacu River, which in Quechua means yacu, water, and yana, black, for the kayaking activity. Inca rituals included elaborate forms of divination and the sacrifice of humans and animals. The Inca Empire Timeline Rulers 1318~1348 Cusi Yupanqui defeats the Chanca and proclaims himself sapa Inca, taking the name Pachacuti. The Inca Empire was the largest prehispanic society of South America when it was 'discovered' by the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro in the 16th century AD. The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. Houses were of stone or adobe mud. The Inca began their expansion from Cusco about 1250 AD or so, and before the conquest in 1532 they controlled a linear stretch of some 4,000 kilometers, including nearly one million square kilometers in area and over 100 different societies in coastal regions, pampas, mountains, and forests. 1.3. The economy was based on agriculture, its staples being corn (maize), white and sweet potatoes, squash, tomatoes, peanuts (groundnuts), chili peppers, coca, cassava, and cotton. If Columbus and … DPH has a great “walk through” which will allow new players to “see” how the game is played rather than reading the directions over and over (still read them though). With Chinchaysuyu, Antisuyu, Qullasuyu, and Kuntisuyu — the four regions of the new empire — now ripe for conquest, the time has come for Pachacuti's true successor to arise. Dates included below are those for capacs that were personally remembered by the Inca informants to the Spanish. See his 2006 book, The Incas: New Perspectives for more detail on this interesting study. Archaeologist Gordon McEwan has built an extensive study of archaeological, ethnographic, and historical sources of information on the Inca origins. Omissions? And the Inca culture continues to live on. Most scholarly reports list the date of the Inca empire as beginning with Pachacuti's rule. The Inca built a vast network of roads throughout this empire. It is 1529 in Cuzco Valley, a stretch of luscious, fertile land in the midst of the Andes of modern-day Peru, and the great Inca Empire was at the peak of its entire existence. The Inca were organized along a complex hierarchical and hereditary lineage system called the ayllu system. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Corrections? Their history is known chiefly from the oral tradition that has been preserved through the generations by official “memorizers” and from the written records composed from them after the Spanish conquest. During Tawantinsuyu: The Inca Empire, players place workers onto various locations on the game board, performing actions, collecting resources (potatoes, corn, stone, and gold), constructing buildings and stairs, sculpt statues, expanding their military strength, and collecting weavings. We Are the Amazon. The Inca Empire which once dominated South America is now only a distant memory. The Inca (also spelled as Inka) Empire was a South American empire that existed between the 15th and 16th centuries. The first Inca capac, the Ayar sibling Manco Capac, married one of his sisters and founded Cusco. They began their conquests in the early 15th century and within 100 years had gained control of an Andean population of about 12 million people. . Huayna Capac pushed the northern boundary of the empire to the Ancasmayo River before dying in an epidemic that may have been brought by a tribe from the east that had picked it up from the Spanish at La Plata. Towns are centres of mestizo (mixed-blood) population. Curacas were administrative functionaries and bureaucrats. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Inca technology and architecture were highly developed, although not strikingly original. Records were kept by the Inca in the form of knotted strings called quipu (also spelled khipu or quipo). Architecture and Economics. 1 talking about this. Thanks to the military mit'a, as the empire grew in size and population, so did the army, reaching 200,000 men in a single army (during the reign of Huayna Capac). Inca, also spelled Inka, South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile. The emperor ruled with the aid of an aristocratic bureaucracy, exercising authority with harsh and often repressive controls. This is a comprehensive encyclopedia of the Incas and other ancient people of South America with more than 1000 photographs. As late as 1528, the Inca Empire was a cohesive unit, ruled by one dominant ruler, Huayna Capac. The pantheon was headed by Inti, the sun god, and included also Viracocha, a creator god and culture hero, and Apu Illapu, the rain god. The only written records about the Inca that we can read today are documents from the Spanish conquistadors of Francisco Pizarro. "The Inca Empire: South America's Kings." They combine farming and herding with simple traditional technology. For four years, a bloody civil war raged over the Empire and in 1532 Atahualpa emerged victoriously. The Inca Empire: Children of the Sun. The Inca Empire flourished in the South American continent from 1438 until the Spanish arrived in the continent in 1533. The great Sapa Inca Pachacuti turned to his offspring and ordered them to worship Inti, the Sun God, and to expand the Inca Empire as far as the llamas roam. The Inca Empire was in full bloom. Ancient Inca ruins at the foot of the peak of Machu Picchu in south-central Peru. Chasqui traveled along the Inca road system stopping at outposts or tambos and were said to be able to send a message 250 kilometers in one day and to make the distance from Cusco to Quito (1500 km) within one week. The Inca Empire: South America's Kings Origins. Based on that, he believes that the Inca arose from the remnants of the Wari Empire based at the site of Chokepukio, a regional center built about AD 1000. At the highest level it was governed by the Sapa Inca , son of the sun and direct descendant of the god Viracocha. Learn about the importance of gold to the Incas. 10 Facts About the Conquest of the Inca Empire, Inca Road System - 25,000 Miles of Road Connecting the Inca Empire, Coricancha: Inca Temple of the Sun in Cusco, Biography of Túpac Amaru, the Last of the Incan Lords, Quipu: South America's Ancient Writing System, Biography of Manco Inca (1516-1544): Ruler of the Inca Empire, Biography of Francisco Pizarro, Spanish Conqueror of the Inca, Capacocha Ceremony: The Evidence for Inca Child Sacrifices, History of Animal and Plant Domestication, Manco Capac (principal wife his sister Mama Occlo) ca. Use of the system was strictly limited to government and military business; a well-organized relay service carried messages in the form of knotted cords called quipu (Quechua khipu) at a rate of 150 miles (240 km) a day. The Inca religion combined features of animism, fetishism, and the worship of nature gods. In some cases, this led to sibling marriage, because the strongest connection you could have would be if you were the child of two descendants of Manco Capac. Most of the society was organized into ayllus, who were taxed and received domestic goods according to the size of their groups. With the death of Atahualpa in 1533 the Inca Empire culminated. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. The Inca capital was at Cusco, Peru, and the Inca legends claimed they were descended from the great Tiwanaku civilization at Lake Titicaca. The Inca Empire was founded on, and maintained by, force, and the ruling Incas were very often unpopular with their subjects (especially in the northern territories), a situation that the Spanish conquistadores, led by Francisco Pizarro, would take full advantage of in the middle decades of the 16th century CE. One of the most impressive feats that the Inca Empire achieved was the Inca road system (known also as Chapac Nan, meaning ‘Royal Road’), which was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2014. Their empire included land in what are the modern countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Gather your people from the villages below and use their unique abilities to strategically place … From around 1200 to 1438 the Incas were considered a tribe which gradually grew occupying a territory of 800,000 sq km or 308,882 sq mi. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. It stretched throughout most of Peru and Chile, and parts of Ecuador, Bolivia, and northwest Argentina. We can build road and canal systems in harsh geography (mountains). Web. H@LL9000-Bewertungen; Leserbewertungen; Bewertung abgeben. Calendrical dates for the reigns of the various kings were established by Spanish chroniclers based on oral histories, but they are clearly miscalculated and so are not included here (some reigns supposedly lasted over 100 years). Their descendants today remain in and around the Andes and make up the largest ethnic group in Peru. Cartwright, Mark. The Inca Empire is thought to have originated at the city of Cuzco in what is modern-day southern Peru.In some mythical tales, the Inca was created by the sun god, Inti who sent his son, Manco Capac to Earth. Among other important duties, ayllus took maintenance and ceremonial roles involving the preservation and care of honored mummies of the ancestors of their communities. Our population is around 10 million people. Religion is a kind of Roman Catholicism infused with the pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities. It comprised two north-south roads, one running along the coast for about 2,250 miles (3,600 km), the other inland along the Andes for a comparable distance, with many interconnecting links. Estimates for the total population under Incan control range between six and nine million persons. His death was followed by a struggle for the succession, from which Huayna Capac (1493–1525) emerged successful. Mama Anahuarqui, built the Coricancha and Machu Picchu, reformed Inca society) [ruled AD 1438-1471], royal estates at Pisac, Ollantaytambo and Machu Picchu, Topa Inca (or Tupac Inca or Topa Inca Yupanqui) (principal wife his sister Mama Occlo, first capac considered supernatural in his lifetime) [AD 1471-1493], royal estates at Chinchero and Choquequirao, Huayna Capac [AD 1493-1527], royal estates at Quespiwanka and Tombebamba, [civil war between Huascar and Atahuallpa 1527]. The Inca Empire was the largest pre-Hispanic civilization in South America and ruled the area along the continent’s Pacific coast. The streets may not have been paved with gold — but their temples were. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/inca-empire-south-americas-kings-171308. The shaped stone architecture (sometimes called 'pillow-faced') is among the finest in the world, with large stones sanded into tight jigsaw like patterns. Ancient History Encyclopedia. This was the most advancedand extensive road system in pre-Hispanic South America and covered a distance of 18,641 m… ThoughtCo, Aug. 25, 2020, thoughtco.com/inca-empire-south-americas-kings-171308. At its height, the Inca empire controlled all of the western part of the South American continent between Ecuador and Chile. It's use of conquest and assimilation ways to incorporate a large part of the South America between 1438 and 1533, when it was conquered by Francisco Pizarro and became part of the Spain. At its height, 12 million people, who spoke more than 20 different languages, made up this great civilization. Many Inca military installations and other public architecture were constructed throughout the empire, at sites such as Farfán (Peru), Qara Qara and Yampara (Bolivia), and Catarpe and Turi (Chile). But before you explore the land of the Incas: Here are 10 things you should know. The Inca Empire, in fact, had still not reached a stage of consolidated maturity when it faced its greatest challenge. The earliest date that can be confidently assigned to Inca dynastic history is 1438, when Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, a son of Viracocha Inca, usurped the throne from his brother Inca Urcon. Instead, exchange of goods and services was based on reciprocity between individuals and among individuals, groups, and Inca rulers" Clothing was made of llama wool and cotton. "The Inca Empire: South America's Kings." Inca Empire is a masterwork medium scale game that can draw players in but only takes a few minutes to learn how to play. The Inca Empire. The Inca began expansion by the fourth emperor, and grew to large size under the rule of the eighth. (2020, August 25). Chasqui were message runners who were essential to the Inca system of government. Under Topa Inca Yupanqui (1471–93) the empire reached its southernmost extent in central Chile, and the last vestiges of resistance on the southern Peruvian coast were eliminated. The center of their domains was the city of Cusco, today located in Peru. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate … The Inca Empire, which flourished in modern day Peru and along the west coast of South America, was the largest Native American empire in pre-Columbian America until Pizarro and the Spanish conquistadors conquered them in the 16th century. Rural settlements are of three kinds: families living in the midst of their fields, true village communities with fields outside of the inhabited centres, and a combination of these two patterns. Under Mayta Capac the Inca began to expand, attacking and looting the villages of neighbouring peoples and probably assessing some sort of tribute. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Inca Civilization, Inca - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Inca - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Learn about the cultural importance of gold for Inca civilization. Hirst, K. Kris. Although the Spanish conquistadors ravaged the Inca Empire, they were not able to completely destroy the empire’s achievements, which are being rediscovered today by scholars. 1. Under Capac Yupanqui, the next emperor, the Inca first extended their influence beyond the Cuzco valley, and under Viracocha Inca, the eighth, they began a program of permanent conquest by establishing garrisons among the settlements of the peoples whom they had conquered. All of the capacs were said to be descended from the legendary Ayar siblings (four boys and four girls) who emerged from the cave of Pacaritambo. The kings of the Inca society were called capac. The dynastic king list which follows was reported by the Spanish chroniclers such as Bernabé Cobo from oral history reports and, to a degree, it is somewhat under debate. The Incawas the highest authority of the empire, the Inca emperors w… Hirst, K. Kris. The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, which means “The Four Regions”), otherwise called the Incan Empire, was the biggest realm in pre-Columbian America. Inca, South American Indians who ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile. Tawantinsuyu: Das Inkareich / The Inca Empire. A policy of forced resettlement of large contingents from each conquered people helped ensure political stability by distributing ethnic groups throughout the empire and thus making the organization of revolt very difficult. Capacs could have multiple wives, and often did. According to their tradition, the Inca originated in the village of Paqari-tampu, about 15 miles (24 km) south of Cuzco. The ruler at the height of the empire was Inca Yupanqui, who renamed himself Pachacuti (Cataclysm) and ruled between AD 1438-1471. To control such a huge area, the Incas built roads, including … What ultimately sealed their doom was the rumor that huge amounts of gold were available in regions south of the Andes Mountains. Zafiro cruise. Legend has it that he first killed his brothers and then led his sisters into a valley near Cuzco, where they settled down around 1200 A.D., according to History.com.Cuzco was located at a nexus point between two earlier empires, one cal… The Spanish reported that historical records—particularly the deeds of the rulers—were sung, chanted, and painted on wooden tablets as well. High-status women were called coya and how well you could succeed in life depended to a degree on the genealogical claims of both your mother and father. Caciques were agricultural community leaders, responsible for maintenance of agricultural fields and tribute payment. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Research websites “The Legendary Origins Of The Inca Empire”. Direktlinks zu den Rezensionsblöcken. “Inca Civilization”. An empire spread over five countries. AD 1200 (founded, Sinchí Roca (principal wife Manco Sapaca), Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (p.w. Power in the Inca empire was exercised in the following order. Inca society was highly stratified. One existing fragment of the road between Cusco and the palace of Machu Picchu is called the Inca Trail. Inca cultivation with fire-hardened digging sticks. TheInca'sEmpire.com provides information on upcoming events, restaurants, and more to the local communities. The pillow-faced architecture was reserved for temples, administrative structures and royal residences like Machu Picchu. Local governors were responsible for exacting the labour tax on which the empire was based; the tax could be paid by service in the army, on public works, or in agricultural work. The Inca word for ruler was capac, or capa, and the next ruler was chosen both by heredity and by marriage lines. In a 2008 article, Alan Covey argued that although the Inca arose from the Wari and Tiwanaku state roots, they succeeded as an empire—compared to the contemporary Chimú State, because the Inca adapted to regional environments and with local ideologies. The Inca army (Quechua: Inka Awqaqkuna) was the multi-ethnic armed forces used by the Tawantin Suyu to expand its empire and defend the sovereignty of the Sapa Inca in its territory. He died, however, and two of his many sons, Atahualpa and Huáscar, began to fight over his empire. The Inca Empire rapidly developed a hierarchical structure . The Inca established their capital at Cuzco (Peru) in the 12th century. The Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu in Quechua) was a large empire in pre-Columbian America. With Chinchaysuyu, Antisuyu, Qullasuyu, and Kuntisuyu - the four regions of the new empire - now ripe for conquest, the time has come for Pachacuti's true successor to arise. Under Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438–71) the Inca conquered territory south to the Titicaca Basin and north to present-day Quito, making subject peoples of the powerful Chanca, the Quechua, and the Chimú. The Inca Civilization had a monarchical and theocratic government where the maximum authority was “the Inca”, advised by the imperial council. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. It was at this precise moment, when the Empire was in ruins, that Pizarro and his men … Ayllus ranged in size from a few hundred to tens of thousands of people, and they governed access to such things as land, political roles, marriage, and ritual ceremonies. The Inca state was divided in 4 “suyos” and each one was in charge of a Tucuy ricuy or Ticui ricoj, that acted like a species of governor of this territory.
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