The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the Augustinians had abbeys in the Savoy and one in the centre of Interlaken, Switzerland. [139] Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The second-highest major peaks are Monte Rosa at 4,634 m (15,203 ft) and Ortler[18] at 3,905 m (12,810 ft), respectively, Series of lower mountain ranges run parallel to the main chain of the Alps, including the French Prealps in France and the Jura Mountains in Switzerland and France. It will build on a long tradition of cooperation in the Alps, and will seek to complement, rather than duplicate existing co-operation structures. [85], Reptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The Swiss commanders wired the infrastructure leading into the country with explosives, and threatened to destroy bridges, railway tunnels and roads across passes in the event of a Nazi invasion; and if there was an invasion the Swiss army would then have retreated to the heart of the mountain peaks, where conditions were harsher, and a military invasion would involve difficult and protracted battles. [78], Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The end of 2020 will end with rain across coastal regions of B.C. The Alps have been crossed for war and commerce, and by pilgrims, students and tourists. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. At present, the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors.[4]. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,000 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The annual precipitation of alpine climates is about 30 centimeters (about 12 inches) per year. The Latin word Alpes could possibly come from the adjective albus[5] ("white"), which could possibly come from the Greek goddess Alphito, whose name is related to alphita, the "white flour"; alphos, a dull white leprosy; and finally the Proto-Indo-European word alphos. [111] The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons. [77], The Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line. [38], According to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. EEA Web Team, Software updated on The Alpine mountain ridge ranges up to 4 810 m above sea level, and its altitude decreases from west to east, with the highest peak — Mont Blanc — located in the Western Alps. The Alps act as a barrier separating different climatic sub-regions. [131], German Ski troops were trained for the war, and battles were waged in mountainous areas such as the battle at Riva Ridge in Italy, where the American 10th Mountain Division encountered heavy resistance in February 1945. [8] An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term "the Alps", referring to the mountains, is a misnomer. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the northwest and then, near the Colle della Maddalena, to the north. [91] By the 6th century BC the La Tène culture was well established in the region,[94] and became known for high quality decorated weapons and jewellery. The most common bird is the alpine chough which can be found scavenging at climber's huts or at the Jungfraujoch, a high altitude tourist destination. [47], Agassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. In the 20th century Robert Parker wrote a well-known work about the rock crystals of the Swiss Alps; at the same period a commission was established to control and standardize the naming of Alpine minerals. [50] The 1,817 km2 (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) by 1973, resulting in decreased river run-off levels. Alpine Slovenia is a world of friendly and accessible mountains and hills. On June 1, 2016 the world's longest railway tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel was opened, which connects Erstfeld in canton of Uri with Bodio in canton of Ticino by two single tubes of 57.1 km (35.5 mi). [10] The most important passes are the Col de l'Iseran (the highest), the Col Agnel, the Brenner Pass, the Mont-Cenis, the Great St. Bernard Pass, the Col de Tende, the Gotthard Pass, the Semmering Pass, the Simplon Pass, and the Stelvio Pass. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Food is passed from the kitchen to the stube, where the dining room table is placed. [47] Glacial valleys have characteristically steep walls (reliefs); valleys with lower reliefs and talus slopes are remnants of glacial troughs or previously infilled valleys. Schmid, Stefan M. (2004). [136], Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. Similarly, the river god Alpheus also derives from the Greek alphos and means whitish. [4], Major European rivers flow from the Alps, such as the Rhine, the Rhône, the Inn, and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. The Alpine region covers a territory of approximately 190 700 km² and encompasses eight European countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland. This content was published on December 18, 2020 - 16:57 December 18, 2020 - 16:57 Pauline Turuban Alps: Alpine Regions Enter your search terms: Well-known groups in the W Alps (from the Riviera to the Great St. Bernard Pass) include the Maritime, Ligurian, Cottian, and Graian alps, the Mont Blanc group, and Valle d'Aosta. Furniture has been traditionally elaborately carved and in many Alpine countries carpentry skills are passed from generation to generation. The region surrounding Brasserie du Mont-Blanc has (over the years) produced many beers over the last century with eight breweries operating at the peak. [43] Typically, the largest earthquakes in the alps have been between magnitude 6 and 7 on the Richter scale. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soil-less scree and moraines, and rock faces and ridges. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,600 and 3,300 ft), depending on the location. [9][10] The term for the mountain peaks varies by nation and language: words such as Horn, Kogel, Kopf, Gipfel, Spitze, Stock, and Berg are used in German speaking regions; Mont, Pic, Tête, Pointe, Dent, Roche, and Aiguille in French speaking regions; and Monte, Picco, Corno, Punta, Pizzo, or Cima in Italian speaking regions. The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century. world the forest limit is located at about 3800 – 3900 m, which is higher than other tropical alpine regions. [89] Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,300 ft). Stairs leading to upper levels are sometimes built on the outside, and balconies are sometimes enclosed.[136][138]. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". [57] Tributary valleys, some of which are complicated, channel water to the main valleys which can experience flooding during the snow melt season when rapid runoff causes debris torrents and swollen rivers. This spectacular place is a living, working French village with three obsessions - world-class skiing, Reblochon cheese, and quality alpine living. In the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travellers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines. [12] The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Type Of Farmhouse, Common In Alpine Regions Answer from Puzzle 5 Group 12 of Planet Earth World of CodyPress. [117] Born in Geneva, Saussure was enamoured with the mountains from an early age; he left a law career to become a naturalist and spent many years trekking through the Bernese Oberland, the Savoy, the Piedmont and Valais, studying the glaciers and the geology, as he became an early proponent of the theory of rock upheaval. The Alpine mountain ridge ranges up to 4 810 m above sea level, and its altitude decreases from west to east, with the highest peak — Mont Blanc — located in the Western Alps. The alpine village of Sestriere, in the Piedmont region, was blanketed as were several regions in Europe over the past week. In the later years, the "silver age of alpinism", the focus was on mountain sports and climbing. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. If you have forgotten your password, Alpine permafrost is permafrost which exists at higher elevations up mountains or plateaus. [25], The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft), followed by the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy at 2,756 m (9,042 ft); the road was built in the 1820s.[22]. [62] The height of the Alps is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and a dry south because moisture is sucked from the air as it flows over the high peaks. [9] Above the tree line is the area defined as "alpine" where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and high altitudes. In: MONU (#26) … New Zealand’s Alice Robinson was agonisingly pipped for a historic medal at the Alpine World Championships in Italy overnight (NZ time). Additionally, the Alps have led to the creation of large lakes in Italy. Re-Approaching Decentralised Urbanism in Alpine Regions through the Lens of Community Economies. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Palaeolithic era. [142] From 1980 to the present, ski-lifts have been modernized and snow-making machines installed at many resorts, leading to concerns regarding the loss of traditional Alpine culture and questions regarding sustainable development as the winter ski industry continues to develop quickly and the number of summer tourists decline. Please make sure javascript is enabled in your browser. [115], Conrad Gessner was the first naturalist to ascend the mountains in the 16th century, to study them, writing that in the mountains he found the "theatre of the Lord". The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were believed to be home to dragons in the medieval period. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. Alpine climates are similar to tundra climates because they are both cold and dry throughout the entire year. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six great north faces of the Alps was climbed with the first ascent of the Eiger Nordwand (north face of the Eiger). The range continues onward toward Vienna, Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia. In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald. [47], Glaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. Authorities in Switzerland have warned of high avalanche risk in mountainous regions of the Alpine nation after heavy snowfall in recent days By The Associated Press January 15, 2021, 7:59 AM Austria underwent a political coup that made it part of the Third Reich; France had been invaded and Italy was a fascist regime. The Alpine region covers a territory of approximately 190 700 km² and encompasses eight European countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland. The Alpine region covers a territory of approximately 190 700 km² and encompasses eight European countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia and Switzerland. (2011). We will spend the morning at the farmer’s market with Anna and Chef Sylvain to learn how to select and shop for regional alpine cheese, vegetables, and saucisson. The heart of the Alps – and my absolute favorite area in the Alps – is the Bernese Oberland. [135], Much of the Alpine culture is unchanged since the medieval period when skills that guaranteed survival in the mountain valleys and in the highest villages became mainstays, leading to strong traditions of carpentry, woodcarving, baking and pastry-making, and cheesemaking. At TRT World, audiences can expect balanced, in-depth reporting with a focus on global responsibility. [4] Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcareous. From Constantine I, Pepin the Short and Charlemagne to Henry IV, Napoléon and more recently the German Gebirgsjägers during World War II. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period. [28], Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. The Alps[a] are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,[b][2] stretching approximately 1,200 km (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. [8] The geological subdivision differentiates the Western, Eastern Alps and Southern Alps: the Helveticum in the north, the Penninicum and Austroalpine system in the centre and, south of the Periadriatic Seam, the Southern Alpine system. Alpine biomes are found in mountain regions worldwide, including the Andes, Alps, and Rocky Mountains. Alpine Sweets is a specialty bakery dedicated to preserving the rich baking traditions of Eastern Europe while providing authentic, high quality Old World baked goods. Until this point Austria and Switzerland had been the traditional and more popular destinations for winter sports, but by the end of the 20th century and into the early 21st century, France, Italy and the Tyrol began to see increases in winter visitors. The Alpine region lies between a number of densely populated European countries. At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m (3,300 and 9,800 ft), snowfall begins in November and accumulates through to April or May when the melt begins. Hiking and biking trails take you across the Julian Alps, the Kamnik-Savinja Alps and the Pohorje Hills to … Along with purity enhanced from being sourced at a high altitude, a low mineral content makes it ideal for brewing. The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial and military road between Western Europe and Italy. [22] [32] In the Paleozoic Era the Pangaean supercontinent consisted of a single tectonic plate; it broke into separate plates during the Mesozoic Era and the Tethys sea developed between Laurasia and Gondwana during the Jurassic Period. It consists of a curved mountain range 1,200 kilometres in length that is crossed by many valleys and reaches a height of over 4,800 metres above sea level at Mont Blanc. [39], In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. [146] Both races continue to be held each January on successive weekends. "High altitude biodiversity of the Alps and the Himalayas: ethnobotany, plant distribution and conservation perspective". [130] The Swiss Confederation mobilized its troops—the country follows the doctrine of "armed neutrality" with all males required to have military training—a number that General Eisenhower estimated to be about 850,000. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by Charlemagne and his father to defeat the Lombards. The Barrière de l'Esseillon is a series of forts with heavy batteries, built on a cliff with a perfect view on the valley, a gorge on one side and steep mountains on the other side. tively low. Origins of an alpine flora. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. World Wildlife Fund Inc. is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax ID number 52-1693387) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Switzerland and Liechtenstein were the only countries to avoid Axis takeover. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.[105]. SHARE. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Hops were cultivated in the nearby region of Bonneville which along pure water from favoured Alp sites of Annemasse, Bonneville, Sallanches and Chamonix produced an array of beverages for the region. A mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. A railroad with a tunnel 1.6 km (1 mi) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. [3] The Alpine arch generally extends from Nice on the western Mediterranean to Trieste on the Adriatic and Vienna at the beginning of the Pannonian basin. from version 21.1.12, Software version: The Alpine Trekkers, New Delhi. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number of dukedoms and kingdoms. The Alpine region is among the leading tourist destinations on the planet.Here you will find some of the most famous ski resorts in the world.Each year the perfect ski slopes, beautiful scenery and high-quality service attract crowds of wealthy tourists who do not want to compromise the tourism product quality.Alpine’s resorts are world famous not only as a skier’s paradise.They are world leaders in congress tourism.Davos that hosts t… [120] Jean-Jacques Rousseau was another writer who presented the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, in his novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761), Later the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery;[citation needed] Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude (1799). (2011). Understanding how alpine biotas formed in response to historical environmental change may improve our ability to predict and mitigate the threats to alpine species posed by global warming. Crossing routes by road, train or foot are known as passes, and usually consist of depressions in the mountains in which a valley leads from the plains and hilly pre-mountainous zones. [23] It is the first tunnel that traverses the Alps on a flat route. On the highest rocky ledges the spring flowers bloom in the summer. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Bringing The World To The Most In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers. The first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. Annapurna region is one of the most cherished trekking regions in Nepal. Wengen, and Zermatt (in Switzerland) are accessible only by cable car or cog-rail trains. [101], Christianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Austria (28.7% of the total area), Italy (27.2%), France (21.4%) and Switzerland (13.2%). NOW PLAYING: World Snow falling in Alpine regions of Victoria and NSW today ABC NEWS. [134] Farming and forestry continue to be mainstays of Alpine culture, industries that provide for export to the cities and maintain the mountain ecology. [36] Similarly the peaks in eastern Switzerland extending to western Austria (Helvetic nappes) consist of thin-skinned sedimentary folding that detached from former basement rock. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. ", Official website of the Alpine Space Programme, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alps&oldid=1008703322, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Romansh-language text, Articles containing Slovene-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikidata value to be checked for Infobox mountain, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, 17th century French-Italian border avalanche: in the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an. The alpine village of Sestriere, in the Piedmont region, was blanketed as were several regions in Europe over the past week. Despite its decidedly upscale villages and reputation, Courchevel is for serious skiers looking for snow thrills of a lifetime.Part of Les 3 Vallées region, the world's largest Alpine ski domain, with 600 kilometers of interconnected ski runs across 10 summits higher that 2,500 meters, Courchevel offers 150 kilometers of alpine ski terrain accessed by 60 lifts. Chalets often face south or downhill, and are built of solid wood, with a steeply gabled roof to allow accumulated snow to slide off easily. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,900 ft). [30], The formation of the Alps (the Alpine orogeny) was an episodic process that began about 300 million years ago. we can send you a new one. Brown trout can be found in the streams up to the snow line. Crystals, such as cinnabar, amethyst, and quartz, are found throughout much of the Alpine region. The salt mines surrounding the Altaussee area, where American troops found 75 kg (165 lb) of gold coins stored in a single mine, were used to store looted art, jewels, and currency; vast quantities of looted art were found and returned to the owners.[133]. In his commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil, the late fourth-century grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts.
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