No longer productive in the early twentieth century, the island ⇒ Read More, Although Philadelphia has been a premier city for medical innovation since the mid-eighteenth century, the diverse peoples of the region also have used home remedies to heal themselves. Providing massive numbers of customers with food, clothing, and other goods while allowing many working people an occupational foothold in the region, vending also sparked controversies regarding taxes, regulation, public health, and uses of space. The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun.The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence The exception was Southeast Pennsylvania, where tobacco ⇒ Read More, In the Philadelphia region prior to European settlement and during the colonial period, the Lenapes and other Indians used their knowledge of the landscape to engineer the most efficient routes through forests, mountains, and often shallow, treacherous waterways. ⇒ Read More, In the nineteenth century, Philadelphia and the region surrounding it came to contain free black communities that by most measures were the most vibrant, dynamic, and influential in the United States. Public disapproval of such treatment surfaced by the late eighteenth century, but even with comprehensive laws designed to protect animals, and organizations devoted to enforcing those laws, the region has struggled to extend adequate protection to its nonhuman animals. The Drinkers were a merchant family who, being Quakers and pacifists, shunned commitments to both the Revolutionaries and the British. Over the years, Philadelphia received refugees from the French Revolution and French-speakers from the Caribbean and Africa who made lasting cultural contributions. It is also one that offers provocative examples of how people consider the past. Despite the area’s vibrant ⇒ Read More, From the late seventeenth century to the mid-twentieth century, Philadelphia’s printing and publishing industry was a central component of the city’s evolution from “Green Country Town” to “Cradle of Liberty” to “Workshop of the World.” Growing their operations from small do-it-all shops into large fully mechanized publishing houses, Philadelphia’s printers and publishers capitalized on the ⇒ Read More, In the late 1700s, on the heels of the American Revolution, Philadelphia emerged as a national and international leader in prison reform and the transformation of criminal justice practices. Although Philadelphia lost that primacy in the nineteenth century, firms specializing in medical and religious publishing continued to do well. Pennsylvania and the American Revolution. First arriving in bondage, either directly from Africa or by way of the Caribbean, they soon developed a small but robust community that grew throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Although New York eventually supplanted ⇒ Read More, Cemeteries have been integral features of the Philadelphia-area landscape since the earliest European settlements of the mid-1600s. Those who entered the Philadelphia region’s almshouses, willingly or unwillingly, rarely accepted this exchange and often protested their treatment or blatantly ⇒ Read More, Well before the Declaration of Independence, in 1743 Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) and his friend the Quaker botanist John Bartram (1699-1777) established the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia as a declaration of scientific independence from Great Britain’s scientific domination. When the post was created in the eighteenth century, citizens put up their own money in order to avoid having to serve. Its arrival led patriots to flee and Loyalists to rejoice, although wartime shortages soon led to suffering for those who remained in the city. The process of training and culling weak dogs as well as the fights themselves have ⇒ Read More, For as long as people have inhabited Philadelphia and the surrounding area, dogs probably have been present, too. One such individual, Robert Morris, is one of these examples. Pennsylvania became an attractive destination thanks to the goodwill fostered by William Penn’s missionary journey to ⇒ Read More, New Jersey’s Pine Barrens, the forest and wetlands area also known as the Pinelands or the Pines, have played a varied but vital role in the region’s cultural and economic history. Modeled after the English “assembly,” a type of formal social gathering most famously held in Bath and London, ⇒ Read More, Documentation of the lives of deaf individuals in the Philadelphia region, and elsewhere, is limited. In the second half of the twentieth ⇒ Read More, The history of nursing in the Philadelphia area is one of long and storied traditions. Donate today to preserve Revolutionary War battlefields and the nation’s history for generations to come. As a type of economic activity, forms of crime changed dramatically as ⇒ Read More, Social and economic elites dominated formal politics in Pennsylvania and New Jersey during the colonial and revolutionary eras, but ordinary people, often those who were ineligible to vote, helped shape the political culture. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. The APS developed from a group of local intellectuals keen on expanding human knowledge to serve informally ⇒ Read More, During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, dissection and study of human corpses became the primary method for medical students to gain intimate visual and tactile knowledge of the body and prepare to perform surgery on the living. It thus established the region from the eastern seaboard to the mountains as the extent of British North America. Insurance in Philadelphia, over the years, has meant everything ⇒ Read More, Contacts between the Philadelphia region and Ireland began in the late seventeenth century, shortly after the creation of Penn’s colony. The Philadelphia Campaign, Vol. ⇒ Read More, Historians have often situated Philadelphia in three geographic contexts: on the western edge of the “Atlantic World” during the colonial era, as an eastern metropole for hinterlands and the receding frontier to the west, and in the mid-Atlantic region between the North and South of the United States. Prior to the advent of public schools for the deaf, only elite deaf individuals received private tutoring. The American Revolution—also called the U.S. War of Independence—was the insurrection fought between 1775 and 1783 through which 13 of Great Britain’s North American colonies threw off British rule to establish the sovereign United States of America, founded with the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The document, which divides power between the federal government and the states, launched a new phase ⇒ Read More, At the conclusion of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, independence from the British Crown was an outlandish thought in the minds of many American colonists. During the summer of 1777, the British army began an initiative to capture the colonial capitol of Philadelphia. Although they served ⇒ Read More, The origins of smoking tobacco in the Philadelphia region can be traced to the era before European colonization and evolved from pipes and cigars to the commercialization of cigarettes beginning in the late nineteenth century. The Continental Congress quickly moved back into Philadelphia after the British abandoned the city. Working locally and abroad, Philadelphia painters have connected ⇒ Read More, From colonial times to the nationwide deindustrialization trend starting in the 1950s, Philadelphia played a leading role in providing American and overseas markets with quality paints and varnishes. During the twentieth century, especially in the latter ⇒ Read More, A few aristocratic Polish emigres—the Revolutionary War hero Thaddeus Kosciusko (1746-1817), for example—found their way to Philadelphia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. By the turn of the twentieth century Philadelphia was one of the world’s greatest textile manufacturing centers, with tens of thousands of workers making a wide range of products. When the delegates to Congress declared independence from Great Britain on July 2, 1776, they also secured Philadelphia’s enduring place in American history. Cambridge, Mass. By the mid to late twentieth century, however, as the publishing industry consolidated, ⇒ Read More, The city of Philadelphia was built with bricks, giving it an appearance many neighborhoods retained into the twenty-first century. With the decline of manufacturing near the close of the twentieth century, the city emerged ⇒ Read More, Located on the Woodbury Creek in the northwestern part of Gloucester County, Woodbury formed as a result of the first Quaker family to settle the area, in 1683. Established in 1675, the city of Salem had early prominence and served as a port of entry, but was soon overshadowed by Philadelphia. As Philadelphia became a large city and important commercial, insurance, banking, and shipping center on the eve of the American Revolution, its lawyers were crucial to every civic endeavor, including the making of a ⇒ Read More, Over the centuries, strong ties of transport, investment, and culture grew between the Greater Philadelphia region and the Lehigh Valley. Mitnick, Barbara J. They enjoyed the protections of one of the world’s most powerful empires and rights and freedoms granted to its subjects. In Philadelphia, salt prices shot upward. Looting, though against Howe’s wishes, was frequent, even after discovering that Continental troops took most of the useful military supplies with them. Only ⇒ Read More, Located thirty miles southwest of Philadelphia, Wilmington is Delaware’s largest city and the New Castle County seat. New Jersey in the American Revolution. Over time, entomologists’ interest in insects shifted from the ⇒ Read More, From the mid-eighteenth century, prominent Philadelphians looking for a rural, healthy, scenic environment built small mansions, or villas, along the Schuylkill River, one of two major waterways that define Philadelphia’s geography. Primary among them was salt, the essential ingredient in curing meats and preserving foods through the winter. Rum Punch & Revolution: Taverngoing & Public Life in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia. With origins in William Penn’s innovative city plan, Philadelphia’s public green spaces range in size and type from small neighborhood squares to extensive watershed and estuary parks along ⇒ Read More, The centuries-long relationship between the Philadelphia region and Puerto Rico unfolded in four interrelated areas: economic links, political channels, personal networks, and cultural exchange. ⇒ Read More, While Philadelphia has not been alone in experiencing sharp undercurrents of nativism, virulent rhetoric and periodic waves of violence aimed at the foreign-born have often wracked the city. American independence brought artisans new economic opportunities as the ⇒ Read More, Over eighteen years, from 1771 until his death, Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) composed an unfinished record of his life’s tribulations and successes. University Park, Pa.: Penn State University Press, 1998. A large number of “neutrals” also struggled with increasing difficulty to remain uninvolved in the conflict. Professor Rosswurm has produced a well researched though somewhat Marxist account of the events and significance of the American Revolution in the City of Brotherly Love, Philadelphia. Following the War for Independence, population growth outside the city of Philadelphia led to the designation of new counties in Pennsylvania, including Montgomery (created in 1784, from a portion of Philadelphia County) and Delaware (created in 1789, from a portion of Chester). One such group was the Quakers of Philadelphia. Home remedies preserve traditional domestic healthcare practices, and they have persisted into the twenty-first century as part of alternative medicine and mainstream scientific therapies. Thompson, Peter. The Drinkers were a merchant family who, being Quakers and pacifists, shunned commitments to both the Revolutionaries and the British. Ayer advertising agency helped Camel cigarettes become ⇒ Read More, Society Hill is one of Philadelphia’s oldest neighborhoods, with more buildings surviving from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries than any other in the country. Despite decades of migration to other parts of the country, Mennonites not only persisted in the city but also grew and diversified. Philadelphia supported several commercial bakers from the beginning. The economy of Philadelphia was heavily based on maritime trade and industrial production. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2012. Early coffeehouses primarily served the needs of traders and mariners, acting as crucial centers of commerce. Elizabeth and Henry Drinker of Philadelphia were no friends of the American Revolution. Bringing a stranger into that home to provide nursing care was a ⇒ Read More, Opera has played an important role in Philadelphia arts and entertainment since the mid-eighteenth century. Philadelphia was the site of both Continental Congresses and served as the de facto capital. Not to be confused with the more numerous Pennsylvania Dutch—who are in fact German, or Deutsch, speakers—Nederlanders helped shape Philadelphia through migration and cultural, social, and economic exchange. An integral thread in the fabric of Franklin’s ⇒ Read More, Baking, one of the earliest businesses in Philadelphia, did not become a major part of the local economy until the late nineteenth century. One of these reports, from November of 1776, urgently demanded that the militia be marshalled in the defense of the city immediately, reading, "We have certain Intelligence that the Enemy has actually sailed from New York Three Hundred ships for this City...As you value the Safety of your Country, and all that is dear and valuable to Men, we most earnestly solicit you immediate Assistance, and that you will march all your Battalion to this City without the least Delay." Every purchase supports the mission. Philadelphia established a major position in American classical composition and performance in the early nineteenth century, and maintained that position through its premier professional ⇒ Read More, Clockmaking in colonial and early republican Philadelphia and its environs was considered an intellectual profession requiring great artisanal skill and scientific knowledge. After a series of small skirmishes, the British finally did just that at the Battle of Brandywine that September, but though Howe inflicted heavy casualties on the American troops, he failed to destroy the Washington’s Army, which relocated to Lancaster along with the Continental Congress. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1975. "With the blessing of Heaven, we have strength sufficient, if we will only exert it," one pamphlet decrees. Philadelphia, with its cosmopolitan atmosphere, accessible port, and thriving commerce, attracted many of the French émigrés. These geographic frames all make sense, given ⇒ Read More, Philadelphia has a long, distinguished history as a center of American painting. A ⇒ Read More, Chartered May 26, 1781, by the Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation, this enterprise was the first national and truly commercial bank in the United States. The fraternity in the Philadelphia area became one of the strongest of all American grand lodges and created one of the finest examples of Masonic architecture in the ⇒ Read More, The French Revolution of 1789 created political, social, and financial instability throughout Europe, prompting many terrified French aristocrats, businessmen, and intellectuals to flee to the United States. Philadelphia pepper pot became popular throughout ⇒ Read More, Pietism was the source for much of the early religious vitality and diversity in Philadelphia. Common Sense was thus an overture to democracy ⇒ Read More, The Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia from May 25 to September 17, 1787, at Independence Hall (then known as the Pennsylvania State House). Not until 1800, in fact, did Washington, D.C., become the official capital. • Anderson, Troyer Steele. Although eighteenth-century settlement in Salem County consisted primarily of farmers and craftsmen, the proximity of the ⇒ Read More, Colonial Americans depended on Great Britain for many necessities. The Museum is open Friday-Sunday from 10 a.m. - 5 p.m. with enhanced health and safety protocols. Even after shrinking dramatically when Northampton and Lehigh Counties were carved from its territory in 1752, the county still encompassed multiple regions that ⇒ Read More, American cartooning began in Philadelphia. Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and the Lower Sort during the American Revolution. They were believed to improve public health, they beautified and refined city streets, parks, and other green spaces, and several were revered as living memorials to past historical events. It looked forward to democratic politics and universal human rights, yet it also reflected local circumstances in Philadelphia. Established as a family farm and garden by John Bartram in ⇒ Read More, Between 1750 and 1800, Philadelphia became the center for book printing and publishing in the United States, surpassing New York and Boston. New York: Basic Books, 2013. Only in recent ⇒ Read More, It is America’s most famous relic, a nearly sacred totem. The Contagious City: The Politics of Public Health in Early Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Campaign, Vol. McGuire, Thomas J. Usually defined by the boundaries of Walnut, Lombard, Front and Eighth Streets, this area south of Independence National Historic Park evolved over the centuries as a diverse, complex residential and commercial ⇒ Read More, As a port with longstanding commercial, cultural, and political connections with Spanish America, Philadelphia played a significant role in the era of Spanish-American revolutions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Though the dreaded invasion would not occur for the next few months, eventually Sir William Howe, the overall commander of British forces in North America, did strike out at Philadelphia in August of 1777 from his base in New Jersey in the hopes of drawing out Washington and defeating him on the open field. Like most of the other colonies, Pennsylvania figured prominently in both the developing crisis and the war itself. Until the mid-nineteenth century, women were the primary caretakers of the dead prior to burial, while male sextons interred bodies. Philadelphia’s ⇒ Read More, Philadelphians, having pioneered the gridiron street layout in North America, also led the way in street numbering. Convening in May 1775, the group contained representatives from all thirteen American colonies.
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